Jagdish Chandra Bose -Unsung Hero of Radio wave

Achievements of Sir J. C. Bose in the field of communication
(In a Nutshell)

• Sir J. C. Bose invented the Mercury Coherer (together with the telephone receiver) used by Guglielmo Marconi to receive the radio signal in his first transatlantic radio communication over a distance of 2000 miles from Poldhu, UK to Newfoundland, St. Johns in December 1901. Guglielmo Marconi was celebrated worldwide for this achievement, but the fact that the receiver was invented by Bose was totally concealed. Read Bose's original paper on the receiver device.
• In 1895, Sir J. C. Bose gave his first public demonstration of electromagnetic waves, using them to ring a bell remotely and to explode some gunpowder. He sent an electromagnetic wave across 75 feet passing through walls and body of the Chairman, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. (I am in process of ascertaining how this experiment is placed in context of works by other scientists towards demonstrating remote transmission of EM waves).
• Sir J. C. Bose holds the first patent worldwide to invent a solid-state diode detector to detect EM waves. The detector was built using a galena crystal. Have a look at Bose's patent and wait for an interesting article on the same soon.
• Sir J. C. Bose was a pioneer in the field of microwave devices. His contribution remains distinguished in the field and was acknowledged by the likes of Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, etc. Read what people thought about J. C. Bose. Refer to [1,2] to study the work of J. C. Bose in the field of microwave.

Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi's Wireless Receiver
In the year 1998, Dr. Probir K. Bondyopadhyay found out that it was actually Sir J. C. Bose who invented Marconi's Italian Navy Autocoherer. He explained the sequence of events in great detail in his paper, "Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal Of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited)." [ 3, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 1, January 1998.]

Read a complete article covering the technical details of Marconi's experiment, the receiving device (coherer) and the chronology of events that took place when the first transatlantic wave was successfully transmitted. The article clearly proves that Sir J. C. Bose was the inventor of the Mercury Autocoherer.

The article goes into technical details and background to enable a person with no knowledge of history of radio communication to understand the contribution of Sir J. C. Bose clearly. You will definitely enjoy the concepts and devices used at a time when modulation was not known and diode had not been invented!

A short version of the complete article now published in Ancient Wireless Association Journal is available here.
(Citation: V. Aggarwal, "Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi’s Wireless Detector", The Ancient Wireless Association Journal, July 2006, Vol. 47/#3, pp. 50-54)
Experiments with a Replica of the Bose Detector- K. L. Groenhaug

The autocoherer invented by Bose was nearly a solid state diode, which was actually invented some 50 years after the autocoherer was invented. Groenhaug built a replica of a Bose detector and compared its characteristics with that of a diode. Have a look at this interesting paper. Groenhaug also plans to study the performance of Bose's galena detector and I eagerly wait for the results of his study.

Did Popov invent radio: It is so claimed and believed by some, that Popov, a Russian scientist was the first to transmit information over wireless. Where does he fit in the history of radio communication?

References

1. Darrel T. Emerson, “The Work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 Years of Millimeter-Wave Research,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 2267-2273, Dec. 1997

2. T. K. Sarkar, D. L. Sengupta, “An Appreciation of J. C. Bose’s Pioneering Work in Millimeter Wave”, IEEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 39, No. 5, Oct. 1997

3. Probir K. Bondyopadhyay, "Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal Of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited)," Proc. IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 1, January 1998

 

http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html

SAMUDRA MANTHAN DECODED #decodinghinduism #samudramanthan #sagarmanthan

This is based on a researched article -Science behind Hindu’s Four Ages (Chatur Yugas): Magnetogeddon may destroy the World!-Research paper written by London Swaminathan Research article No.1458; Dated 4th December 2014.
Here is a famous chant describing the 14 Ratnas from the Churning of the Milky Ocean.
लक्ष्मीः कौस्तुभपारिजातकसुराधन्वन्तरिश्चन्द्रमाः। ::

गावः कामदुहा सुरेश्वरगजो रम्भादिदेवाङ्गनाः। ::

अश्वः सप्तमुखो विषं हरिधनुः शङ्खोमृतं चाम्बुधेः।::

रत्नानीह चतुर्दश प्रतिदिनं कुर्यात्सदा मङ्गलम्। ::

"Lakshmeeh kaustubhapaarijaatakasuraadhantarischandramaah, Gaavah kaamaduhaa sureswaragajorambhadidevaanganaah, Ashwah saptamukhovisam haridhanuh sankhomrtam chaambudheh, Ratnaaneeha chaturdasa pratidinam kuryaatsadaa mangalam."


 The study of the earth’s magnetic field and the prediction about Magnetogeddon by the scientists justify the Hindus’ classification of Chatur Yugas. An interesting article reveals the science behind the Chatur Yugas
YugasWhat is Chatur Yuga/Four Ages?
Hindus have divided the ages of the world into four: Krita (4), Treta (3), Dwapara(2) and Kali (1). Krita lasts for 1 ,728,000 years, Treta for 1296 000 years, Dwapara for 864,000 years and the last kali for 4,32,000 years. Four Yugas is Chatur Yuga in Sanskrit.8640,000,000 years make one Kalpa which is one day for Brahma, the Creator God, in Hinduism. He will live for 100 years like this. This cycle is never ending and the next Brhama takes over. It would not have made any sense 200 years agobut now with study of cosmology and the latest news about the Black Holes and other things show that the Hindus are the only one ancient race that understood the functioning of the Universe.
Hindus wrote in their scriptures that in between the Yugas there is an interval called Sandhya period and another as Sandhyansa period. Hindus also told that the time period for Devas, Gods and Humans are different.
What is Magnetogeddon?
Like Devas and Asuras churned the Milky Ocean, the earth’s stomach is also churned. When the molten iron bowel of the earth is churned, it inflates a magnetic bubble around our world. That protects us from the full radiation coming out of the sun.So milky ocean does not reside in earth and it is talk of some other universe apart from our SUN where milky ocean was churned and it involved not men from earth but some other natives from different universe where they resides -called Asura and also Devas as they reside in some other part of universe. And basically it is churning of entire Universe that created magnetic field and a law of attraction between all universe partricle, sun,moon, different solar system.
 Now scientists are worried that this magnetic field is weakening and could soon flip out entirely. That means the magnetic North and South poles may trade places. European Space Agency’s Swarm satellites have been mapping the magnetic fields for the past several months. In the past 150 years the magnetic field has weakened 10 percent. This is an indication that the flip over is going to happen. That means North Pole will become South Pole and vice verse.

angkore vat

solar wind Yuga= Change of Polarity
 Geological evidence of preserved magnetic fields shows this happens every 400,000 years or so closer to the figure of Hindu’s 4,32,000 years of Kali Yuga. Hindus believe that the world will be destroyed at the end of Kali Yuga and then a new era will begin.
In the past, life has NOT been eradicated at the end of 400,000 years or so. But theoretically speaking extinction (MAGNETOGEDDON) is possible according to the scientists. Probably this is what Hindus meant the “destruction” at the end of each Chatur Yuga. When Krishna and Vyasa lived it was Dwapara Yuga. A great Mahabharata war occurred and Dharma and other rules changed, but the human beings survived.
Magnetic reversals don’t happen overnight. The process takes 1000 years to complete. Probably this is what Hindus Rishi called Yuga Sandhya (interval). The weakened field would expose us to higher levels of radiation, leaving power grids and satellites vulnerable

Earth is a Dynamo
Inside the earth there is molten iron. The churning of the core creates a magnetic field around the earth. (The churning is created by the rotation of the earth). This is what protects us from the Solar wind. If there is no magnetic field to protect us earth would have become desert like Mars. No life can exist.

Earth’s inner core is a 2400 km wide ball of solid iron with some nickel and sulphur and radioactive elements. Outer core is 6800 kms wide ball of liquid iron nickel and sulphur. The mantle is 2900 km deep mixture of semi molten rock. The crust is only 8 to 40 kms thick and we live on this crust. The earth is a magnetic dynamo. It is magnetic field generator.

After reading this bit of science we can sense some scientific truth in the Yuga classification and the interval periods between the Yugas. Scientists could study the weakening of magnetic fields or the flipping over (Change of polarity) by studying fossilised rocks.
 Source for Science news: London metro with my interpretation of Chatur Yugas.
Mythological story is like this-

Swarn bhomi airport,Thailand

 

Indra, the King of Devas (gods), while riding on an elephant Airawat, came across Sage Durvasa who offered him a special garland given to him by the god Shiva. Indra accepted the garland, placing it on the trunk of the elephant as a test to prove that he was not an egoistic god. The elephant, knowing that Indra had no control over his own ego, threw the garland to the ground. This enraged the sage as the garland was a dwelling of Sri (fortune) and was to be treated as prasada. Durvasa cursed Indra and all devas to be bereft of all strength, energy, and fortune.^[1]
In battles that followed this incident, the Devas were defeated and Asuras (demons) led by king Bali gained control of the universe. Devas sought help from the god Vishnu Who advised them to treat asuras in a diplomatic manner. Devas formed an alliance with asuras to jointly churn the ocean for the nectar of immortality and to share it among them. However, Vishnu told Devas that He would arrange that they alone obtain the nectar.
The churning of the Ocean of Milk was an elaborate process. Mount Mandara was used as the churning rod, and Vasuki, the king of serpents, who abides on Shiva's neck, became the churning rope. The demons demanded to hold the head of the snake, while the gods taking advice from Vishnu, agreed to hold its tail. As a result the demons were poisoned by fumes emitted by Vasuki. Despite this, the gods and demons pulled back and forth on the snake's body alternately, causing the mountain to rotate, which in turn churned the ocean. However, once the mountain was placed on the ocean, it began to sink. Vishnu, in the form of a turtle Kurma, came to their rescue and supported the mountain on his back.
The Samudra Manthan process released a number of things from the Milk Ocean. One product was the lethal poison known as Halahal. (In some versions of the story, this poison escaped from the mouth of the serpent king as the demons and gods churned.) This terrified the gods and demons because the poison was so powerful that it can destroy all of creation-THIS WAS probably RADIATION OR ATOMIC RADIATION AND NOT A PRODUCT CALLED POISON and GOD Shankara had a way to protect himself after absorving radiation. Per mythology-Then the gods approached Shiva for protection. Shiva consumed the poison in an act to protect the universe, and his wife Parvati pressed her hand on Shiva's throat to save the universe. As a result, The color of Shiva's neck turned blue. For this reason, Lord Shiva is also called Neelakanta (the blue-throated one; "neela" = "blue", "kantha" = "throat" in Sanskrit





सप्त ऋषि, SAPT RISHI #DECODINGHINDUISM #SEVENSAGE #SAPTARISHI #सप्त ऋषि

"सप्त ऋषि"
आकाश में सात तारों का एक मंडल नजर आता है उन्हें सप्तर्षियों का मंडल कहा जाता है। उक्त मंडल के तारों के नाम भारत के महान सात संतों के आधार पर ही रखे गए हैं। वेदों में उक्त मंडल की स्थिति, गति, दूरी और विस्तार की विस्तृत चर्चा मिलती है। प्रत्येक मनवंतर में सात सात ऋषि हुए हैं। यहां प्रस्तुत है वैवस्तवत मनु के काल में जन्में सात महान ‍ऋषियों का संक्षिप्त परिचय।

वेदों के रचयिता ऋषि : ऋग्वेद में लगभग एक हजार सूक्त हैं, लगभग दस हजार मन्त्र हैं। चारों वेदों में करीब बीस हजार हैं और इन मन्त्रों के रचयिता कवियों को हम ऋषि कहते हैं। बाकी तीन वेदों के मन्त्रों की तरह ऋग्वेद के मन्त्रों की रचना में भी अनेकानेक ऋषियों का योगदान रहा है। पर इनमें भी सात ऋषि ऐसे हैं जिनके कुलों में मन्त्र रचयिता ऋषियों की एक लम्बी परम्परा रही। ये कुल परंपरा ऋग्वेद के सूक्त दस मंडलों में संग्रहित हैं और इनमें दो से सात यानी छह मंडल ऐसे हैं जिन्हें हम परम्परा से वंशमंडल कहते हैं क्योंकि इनमें छह ऋषिकुलों के ऋषियों के मन्त्र इकट्ठा कर दिए गए हैं।

वेदों का अध्ययन करने पर जिन सात ऋषियों या ऋषि कुल के नामों का पता चलता है वे नाम क्रमश: इस प्रकार है:- 1.वशिष्ठ, 2.विश्वामित्र, 3.कण्व, 4.भारद्वाज, 5.अत्रि, 6.वामदेव और 7.शौनक।

पुराणों में सप्त ऋषि के नाम पर भिन्न-भिन्न नामावली मिलती है। विष्णु पुराण अनुसार इस मन्वन्तर के सप्तऋषि इस प्रकार है :- वशिष्ठकाश्यपो यात्रिर्जमदग्निस्सगौत। विश्वामित्रभारद्वजौ सप्त सप्तर्षयोभवन्।। अर्थात् सातवें मन्वन्तर में सप्तऋषि इस प्रकार हैं:- वशिष्ठ, कश्यप, अत्रि, जमदग्नि, गौतम, विश्वामित्र और भारद्वाज।

इसके अलावा पुराणों की अन्य नामावली इस प्रकार है:- ये क्रमशः केतु, पुलह, पुलस्त्य, अत्रि, अंगिरा, वशिष्ट तथा मारीचि है।

महाभारत में सप्तर्षियों की दो नामावलियां मिलती हैं। एक नामावली में कश्यप, अत्रि, भारद्वाज, विश्वामित्र, गौतम, जमदग्नि और वशिष्ठ के नाम आते हैं तो दूसरी नामावली में पांच नाम बदल जाते हैं। कश्यप और वशिष्ठ वहीं रहते हैं पर बाकी के बदले मरीचि, अंगिरस, पुलस्त्य, पुलह और क्रतु नाम आ जाते हैं। कुछ पुराणों में कश्यप और मरीचि को एक माना गया है तो कहीं कश्यप और कण्व को पर्यायवाची माना गया है। यहां प्रस्तुत है वैदिक नामावली अनुसार सप्तऋषियों का परिचय।

1. वशिष्ठ : राजा दशरथ के कुलगुरु ऋषि वशिष्ठ को कौन नहीं जानता। ये दशरथ के चारों पुत्रों के गुरु थे। वशिष्ठ के कहने पर दशरथ ने अपने चारों पुत्रों को ऋषि विश्वामित्र के साथ आश्रम में राक्षसों का वध करने के लिए भेज दिया था। कामधेनु गाय के लिए वशिष्ठ और विश्वामित्र में युद्ध भी हुआ था। वशिष्ठ ने राजसत्ता पर अंकुश का विचार दिया तो उन्हीं के कुल के मैत्रावरूण वशिष्ठ ने सरस्वती नदी के किनारे सौ सूक्त एक साथ रचकर नया इतिहास बनाया।

2.विश्वामित्र : ऋषि होने के पूर्व विश्वामित्र राजा थे और ऋषि वशिष्ठ से कामधेनु गाय को हड़पने के लिए उन्होंने युद्ध किया था, लेकिन वे हार गए। इस हार ने ही उन्हें घोर तपस्या के लिए प्रेरित किया। विश्वामित्र की तपस्या और मेनका द्वारा उनकी तपस्या भंग करने की कथा जगत प्रसिद्ध है। विश्वामित्र ने अपनी तपस्या के बल पर त्रिशंकु को सशरीर स्वर्ग भेज दिया था। इस तरह ऋषि विश्वामित्र के असंख्य किस्से हैं।

माना जाता है कि हरिद्वार में आज जहां शांतिकुंज हैं उसी स्थान पर विश्वामित्र ने घोर तपस्या करके इंद्र से रुष्ठ होकर एक अलग ही स्वर्ग लोक की रचना कर दी थी। विश्वामित्र ने इस देश को ऋचा बनाने की विद्या दी और गायत्री मन्त्र की रचना की जो भारत के हृदय में और जिह्ना पर हजारों सालों से आज तक अनवरत निवास कर रहा है।

3. कण्व : माना जाता है इस देश के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण यज्ञ सोमयज्ञ को कण्वों ने व्यवस्थित किया। कण्व वैदिक काल के ऋषि थे। इन्हीं के आश्रम में हस्तिनापुर के राजा दुष्यंत की पत्नी शकुंतला एवं उनके पुत्र भरत का पालन-पोषण हुआ था।

4. भारद्वाज : वैदिक ऋषियों में भारद्वाज-ऋषि का उच्च स्थान है। भारद्वाज के पिता बृहस्पति और माता ममता थीं। भारद्वाज ऋषि राम के पूर्व हुए थे, लेकिन एक उल्लेख अनुसार उनकी लंबी आयु का पता चलता है कि वनवास के समय श्रीराम इनके आश्रम में गए थे, जो ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि से त्रेता-द्वापर का सन्धिकाल था। माना जाता है कि भरद्वाजों में से एक भारद्वाज विदथ ने दुष्यन्त पुत्र भरत का उत्तराधिकारी बन राजकाज करते हुए मन्त्र रचना जारी रखी।

ऋषि भारद्वाज के पुत्रों में 10 ऋषि ऋग्वेद के मन्त्रदृष्टा हैं और एक पुत्री जिसका नाम 'रात्रि' था, वह भी रात्रि सूक्त की मन्त्रदृष्टा मानी गई हैं। ॠग्वेद के छठे मण्डल के द्रष्टा भारद्वाज ऋषि हैं। इस मण्डल में भारद्वाज के 765 मन्त्र हैं। अथर्ववेद में भी भारद्वाज के 23 मन्त्र मिलते हैं। 'भारद्वाज-स्मृति' एवं 'भारद्वाज-संहिता' के रचनाकार भी ऋषि भारद्वाज ही थे। ऋषि भारद्वाज ने 'यन्त्र-सर्वस्व' नामक बृहद् ग्रन्थ की रचना की थी। इस ग्रन्थ का कुछ भाग स्वामी ब्रह्ममुनि ने 'विमान-शास्त्र' के नाम से प्रकाशित कराया है। इस ग्रन्थ में उच्च और निम्न स्तर पर विचरने वाले विमानों के लिए विविध धातुओं के निर्माण का वर्णन मिलता है।

5. अत्रि : ऋग्वेद के पंचम मण्डल के द्रष्टा महर्षि अत्रि ब्रह्मा के पुत्र, सोम के पिता और कर्दम प्रजापति व देवहूति की पुत्री अनुसूया के पति थे। अत्रि जब बाहर गए थे तब त्रिदेव अनसूया के घर ब्राह्मण के भेष में भिक्षा मांगने लगे और अनुसूया से कहा कि जब आप अपने संपूर्ण वस्त्र उतार देंगी तभी हम भिक्षा स्वीकार करेंगे, तब अनुसूया ने अपने सतित्व के बल पर उक्त तीनों देवों को अबोध बालक बनाकर उन्हें भिक्षा दी। माता अनुसूया ने देवी सीता को पतिव्रत का उपदेश दिया था।

अत्रि ऋषि ने इस देश में कृषि के विकास में पृथु और ऋषभ की तरह योगदान दिया था। अत्रि लोग ही सिन्धु पार करके पारस (आज का ईरान) चले गए थे, जहां उन्होंने यज्ञ का प्रचार किया। अत्रियों के कारण ही अग्निपूजकों के धर्म पारसी धर्म का सूत्रपात हुआ। अत्रि ऋषि का आश्रम चित्रकूट में था। मान्यता है कि अत्रि-दम्पति की तपस्या और त्रिदेवों की प्रसन्नता के फलस्वरूप विष्णु के अंश से महायोगी दत्तात्रेय, ब्रह्मा के अंश से चन्द्रमा तथा शंकर के अंश से महामुनि दुर्वासा महर्षि अत्रि एवं देवी अनुसूया के पुत्र रूप में जन्मे। ऋषि अत्रि पर अश्विनीकुमारों की भी कृपा थी।

6. वामदेव : वामदेव ने इस देश को सामगान (अर्थात् संगीत) दिया। वामदेव ऋग्वेद के चतुर्थ मंडल के सूत्तद्रष्टा, गौतम ऋषि के पुत्र तथा जन्मत्रयी के तत्ववेत्ता माने जाते हैं।

7. शौनक : शौनक ने दस हजार विद्यार्थियों के गुरुकुल को चलाकर कुलपति का विलक्षण सम्मान हासिल किया और किसी भी ऋषि ने ऐसा सम्मान पहली बार हासिल किया। वैदिक आचार्य और ऋषि जो शुनक ऋषि के पुत्र थे।

फिर से बताएं तो वशिष्ठ, विश्वामित्र, कण्व, भरद्वाज, अत्रि, वामदेव और शौनक- ये हैं वे सात ऋषि जिन्होंने इस देश को इतना कुछ दे डाला कि कृतज्ञ देश ने इन्हें आकाश के तारामंडल में बिठाकर एक ऐसा अमरत्व दे दिया कि सप्तर्षि शब्द सुनते ही हमारी कल्पना आकाश के तारामंडलों पर टिक जाती है।

इसके अलावा मान्यता हैं कि अगस्त्य, कष्यप, अष्टावक्र, याज्ञवल्क्य, कात्यायन, ऐतरेय, कपिल, जेमिनी, गौतम आदि सभी ऋषि उक्त सात ऋषियों के कुल के होने के कारण इन्हें भी वही दर्जा प्राप्त है।

SUMMARY OF VEDAS,UPNISHAD AND HINDUISM SCIENCE #VEDAS #UPNISHAD #VEDASCIENCE

Let us understand Vedas, the foundations of entire HUMANITY. प्रजापतिश्चरति गर्भे अन्तरजायमानो बहुधा वि जायते। तस्य योनिं परि पश्यन्ति धीरास्तस्मिन् ह तस्युर्भुवनानि विश्वा॥ (यजुर्वेद:३१:१९) प्रजापालक परमात्मा की सत्ता सम्पूर्ण पदार्थों में विद्यमान है, वह अजन्मा होकर भी अनेक रूपों में प्रकट होता है। उसकी कारण शक्ति में सम्पूर्ण भुवन समाहित है। ज्ञानी-जन उसके मुख्य स्वरूप को देख पाते हैं॥ (यजुर्वेद:31:19) The 19th verse of Yajurveda: Chapter 31 explains that the Lord/परब्रह्म الله / is present in all the matter i.e. a part of Him and His power resides in every entity i.e. He is Omnipresent and that Supreme Being, although unborn, appears in many (several/diverse) forms (set-up/aspects/looks/features/figures/Avatars) i.e. He incarntes when there is unbearable harm to Dharma. Everything is within Him. Pandits (Scholars) could see His prime (Universal) form i.e. Viraat Svaroop (विराट् स्वरूप). When you go through the 30th verse of Gita: Chapter 6 you find the same thing: "One who sees Me pervading in every entity in the form of soul and everything within Me, for him I am never unseen and hr is not unseen to Me" (Gita:6:30) *NOTE: The exact TRANSLATION of Vedic verses isn't possible. So, they are to be understood through self-consciousness.

Do you know where we go after death????
Abrahamic religions prophesy that a man after death goes either to Heaven or Hell. Only a Christian, according to Thr Holy Bible goes to Heaven and all the non-Christians go to Hell, no matter how good you have done in any scale and dwell there FOREVER. Islam, on the other hand, prophesy that ONLY Muslims go to Heaven and the rest go to Hell regardless of his good tasks. In fact, they clearly declare Christians and Jews ASTRAY and decla...re the Sanatan Dharmik who believe in ONE SUPREMACY along with existence of demigods SHAYATIN i.e. evil.

The most interesting difference comes when we go through the Vedas, The Upanishads and Gita.
All the Holy Scriptures in Sanatan Dharm describe a far more standard than Heaven and Hell and that is MOKSHA. No other religion has even a bit of this knowledge. Moksha is far greater than so called Heaven and Hell and also that no singular sect but all the living beings have an option of Moksha, Heaven and Hell. According to Sanatan Dharm, whoever does good gets good, does bad gets bad and who does the best undoubtedly gets the best i.e. Moksha.

About REBIRTH in Gita:

प्राप्य पुण्यकृतां लोकानुषित्वा शाश्वती: समा:।...
शुचीनां श्रीमतां गेहे योगभ्रष्टोsभिजायते॥

A man who walks on a path towards absolution and performs tasks to attain the same but with imperfection, due to several reasons, also achieves divine worlds (sanctified worlds) i.e. Heaven (and Brahmlok, Pitarlok etc.); remains (lives) there for years and takes birth (again) in the house(s) of good charactered (cultured) people.
Gita:6:41
योगभ्रष्ट पुरुष पुण्यवानों के लोकों को अर्थात् स्वर्गादि उत्तम लोकों को प्राप्त होकर, उनमें बहुत वर्षों तक निवास करके फिर शुद्ध आचरण वाले श्रीमान् पुरुषों के घर में जन्म लेता है॥४१॥ (गीता:6:41

About REBIRTH in Gita:

प्राप्य पुण्यकृतां लोकानुषित्वा शाश्वती: समा:।...
शुचीनां श्रीमतां गेहे योगभ्रष्टोsभिजायते॥

A man who walks on a path towards absolution and performs tasks to attain the same but with imperfection, due to several reasons, also achieves divine worlds (sanctified worlds) i.e. Heaven (and Brahmlok, Pitarlok etc.); remains (lives) there for years and takes birth (again) in the house(s) of good charactered (cultured) people.
Gita:6:41
योगभ्रष्ट पुरुष पुण्यवानों के लोकों को अर्थात् स्वर्गादि उत्तम लोकों को प्राप्त होकर, उनमें बहुत वर्षों तक नि
वास करके फिर शुद्ध आचरण वाले श्रीमान् पुरुषों के घर में जन्म लेता है॥४१॥ (गीता:6:41

Let us know what do Vedas say about theism and Krishna. Is there any mentioning in Vedas that Lord Krishna is the Supreme? What do Vedas preach, Monotheism or Polytheism?

त्रीणि पदा वि चक्रमे विष्णुर्गोपा अदाभ्य:। अतो धर्माणि धारयन्।।
विश्वरक्षक, अविनाशी विष्णु तीनों लोकों में यज्ञादि कर्मों को पोषित करते हुए तीन चरणों में व्याप्त हैं अर्थात् शक्ति धाराओं (सृजन, पोषण, परिनर्तन) द्वारा विश्व का संचालन करते हैं।...
(ऋक्: भाग 1: प्रथम मन्डलम्: सूक्त: 22)
Eternal Lord (Vishnu), the protector/savior of the universe(s), funding (operating, sustaining or fostering) Yajnas, pervades by three steps (of His) in the world. With the three branches/divisions of power (or energy) i.e. power of Generation; power of Sustenance or Operation and Dispeller of negativity and bringing a godly/Dharmik change {=>GOD}, he controls (or manages or rules) the world(s).
(Rigveda: Part 1: 1st Mandalam: Sookta 22: Verse/Hymn 18)

We are aware of
G= Generator;
O= Operator
D= Destroyer or Dispeller of Negativity and bringer of godly change.
See all the powers reside or are in authority of Our Lord. See, The Vedas do preach Monotheism

Swaha to the vital breathings with their controlling lord, the soul.
To earth Swaha ! To Agni Swaha !
To Firmament Swaha !
To Vayu Swaha ! To Sky Swaha ! To Surya Swaha !...
Yajur Ved 39:1

यान्ति देवव्रता देवान्पितृयान्ति पितृव्रताः।
भूतानि यान्ति भूतेज्या यान्ति मद्याजिनोऽपि माम् ॥
देवताओं को पूजने वाले देवताओं को प्राप्त होते हैं; पितरों को पूजने वाले पितरों को प्राप्त होते हैं; भूतों को पूजने वाले भूतों को प्राप्त होते हैं और मेरा पूजन करने वाले भक्त मुझको ही प्राप्त होते हैं। इसलिए मेरे भक्तों का पुनर्जनम नहीं होता ।
(गीता: 9: 25)
...

Only the Supreme can give supreme i.e. Moksha मोक्ष, liberation from the cycle of life and death. The 25th verse of the 9th chapter of the Gita clarifies that Krishna is the Almighty, the Supreme one and only one whom the Vedas, the Upanishads deal with and He is who, on attaining, bestowes to His worshippers liberation.
Glory to the Supreme Being, the YagyaPurusha, the Viraat Purush, the Manifest form of the Unmanifest.

Revealed by our Divine Creator, the VEDAS: the KNOWLEDGE, has everything required to be known. Already we have seen verses on creation, embryology, accounting, revolving of earth and rotation around sun, equator, being the extreme limit of earth.
Decimal system comes from Almighty, the Divine Creator, Who revealed that in Yajur Ved.
Millions and billions of bricks are used in the construction of a big house or a grand altar. The house and the altar strongly built are a sourc...e of comfort and happiness like the milch-kine. Daily performance of Havan is necessary to elevate our soul in this world and the world to come. God has in this verse preached the science of Arithmetical digits, which can be multiplied ad-infinitum.

They may be one, and ten, and ten tens, a hundred, and ten hundred, a thousand and ten thousand and a hundred thousand, a lac and ten lacs, a million, and ten millions, a crore, ten crores, hundred crores, thousand crores, its ten times Maha Padma, its ten times Shankh, its ten times Samudra, its ten times Madhya, its ten times Prardh. May these bricks of my altar be a source of happiness to me, like milch-kine in this world and the next world.
Yajur Ved 17:2
Ima me agna istakaa dhenbah santweka cha dasa cha dasa satang cha satang cha sahasrang cha sahasrang chajutang chajutang cha nijutang cha nijutang cha prajutang chaarbudang cha nyabudang samudrascha madhyang chantyascha paraardhaschyita me agna istaka dhenbah santyamutramusmilloke

IN THE BEGINING [all] this verily was Atman only, one and without a second. There was nothing else that winked. He bethought Himself: "Let Me now create the worlds".
-The Aitareya Upanishad: Part 1: Chapter 1: Verse 1






During the 'Waking' state of Soul (Ātman), Ātman is known by the technical name- Viśva or Vaiśvānara.-----The BRIHADĀRANYAKA UPANISHAD: 4: 2: 2
It uses various sense organs and Its instruments to experience the physical world. But, Waking, like Dreaming is Māyā. The real Self in either state remains unknown. The real Self remains unattached by whatever it experiences in a state.
"The self that functions in the "Dream" state is called 'Taijasa' (Taijasātman or Taijas-Ātman)"-----The Brihadāranyaka Upanishad: 4: 2: 3
NOTE:...
Ātman neither dreams nor wakes up. Ātman never changes. It remains the same. Ātman only witnesses all the experiences of a person in different states. So-----

Ātman, while witnessing the experiences of a person while he is dreaming is called "Taijasa".
The Taijas Ātman, which functions during the dream state becomes Prājna during 'Dreamless' sleep.
~The Brihadāranyaka Upanishad: 4: 2: 4
The dreamer passes into profound sleep, and in this state Ātman is known by the technical name, "Prājna" (Prājnena-Ātman).
As Brahman has no origin one can never know Its origin, howsoever great one may be. Brahman is the source of everything. It is the Ultimate Cause.
In the Rigveda (Aitareya Upanishad) it is beautifully explained that the demigods and the entire universe are the parts of the Purusha (Ishvar) [The Supreme Cosmic Being], as is manifested by Ishvar during the Mahabharata (the Gita: Chapter 11).
The Katha Upanishad: 1: 2: 22
Atman is one with the Supreme Self i.e. Brahman.
Om Tat Sat
If the killer thinks he kills and if the killed man thinks he is killed, neither of them apprehend aright. The Self kills not, nor is It killed.
~~~~~The Katha Upanishad: 1: 2: 19
"Neither he who thinks that the Self is the slayer nor he who thinks the Self is killed apprehends aright because, in actuality, the Self kills not, nor is It killed"
~~~~~The Gita: 2: 19
Yama said to Nachiketā: "The goal which all the Vedas declare, which all austerities aim at, and which men desire when they lead the life of continence, I will tell you briefly: it is Om [Aum] (ॐ)".
-----The Katha Upanishad: 1: 2: 15

"It goes well with him who, of the two, takes the good, but he who chooses the sense pleasures misses the Self Knowledge which is the end of human effort."
-----The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad: 1: 2: 1
"It is within the power of every man to choose either of the two ideals; but the majority cling to worldly pleasures. They are indeed short-sighted and devoid of judgement"
...

"Both the good and the pleasant present themselves to a man. The calm soul examines them well and discriminates between the Real and the Unreal and prefers the good to the pleasant; but the fool chooses the pleasant out of greed and avarice."
-----The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad: 1: 2: 2
The MOST POPULAR part of the Katha Upanishad.
NOTE:
...

The jivatma is the embodied/individual soul under the influence of maya, bound by the senses, the objects and the mind. Sometimes it is also transliterated as "atman" (with a small 'a'). This "atman" must not be confused with "Atman" (with a capital 'A') which refers to the inmost essence, the 'Self' knowing which one attains Liberation (Emancipation).
HARIH AUM! "Aum", the word, is all this [i.e. the whole Universe]. All that is past, present and future is indeed, Aum. And whatever else there is , beyond the threefold division of time-----that also is truly AUM.
----------The Maandukya Upanishad: 1: 1
'Hari' is an epithet of Godhead. The invocation of Lord's name at the beginning of any undertaking is considered auspicious.
It is Om"-----The Katha Upanishad: 1: 2: 15
"This Om is the best support"-----The Katha Upanishad: 1: 2: 17
"The syllable 'Om' is the Supreme Brahman and also the other Brahman"-----The Prashna Upanishad: 5: 2
...

"Meditate on Atman as 'Om'; "Om, this word, is Brahman"-----The Taittiriya Upanishad: 1: 8: 1
Om is the symbol of both Brahman and Atman and also the means of realizing their true nature.

The EVIL that follows from lack of self-control:
"If the buddhi, being related to a distracted mind, loses its discrimination and therefore always remains impure, then the embodied soul never attains the goal, but enters into the rounds of births"
-----The Katha Upanishad: 1: 3: 7
...

A man lacking discrimination and inner serenity comes under the sway of his senses. When the senses remain unrestrained, a man commits sin, which in its turn pollutes the mind. This consequently results in Rebirth in this Samsara, contrary to the actual goal, Liberation [Emancipation] [Moksha]

"Holy Scriptures wishes you a very auspicious GURU PURNIMA".
Study the UPANISHADS-----SIT DOWN NEAR Guru to attain Brahmavidya [Self-Realization] and ultimately Liberation.
"Just try to learn the truth by approaching a spiritual master. Inquire from him submissively and render service unto him. The self-realized souls can impart knowledge unto you because they have seen the truth"...
----------The Gita: 4: 34

"In order to realize that Brahmavidya one must go to the Guru"
----------The Mundaka Upanishad: 2: 2: 12

In the beginning [all] this verily was Atman only, one and without a second. There was nothing that winked, nothing that was active. He [God] bethought Himself: "Let Me now create the worlds"
----------The Aitareya Upanishad: 1: 1: 1
आत्मा वा इदमेक एवाग्र आसीत्।
नान्यक्तिंचन मिषत्। स ईक्षत लोकान्नु सृजा इति।।
...

The phrase, "Atman-one and without a second" refers to the singularity of universe. In the beginning the universe existed as one without any differentiation of names and forms. Everything like planets, stars and galaxies existed in seed form together as one dense mass. They did not exist as separate entities.
Even according to the 'Big-Bang' theory, the universe existed as singularity, single dense mass.
Now the question is: "Does not That same non-dual Atman exist even now?"

He [Atman/ GOD] created these worlds [spheres]: Ambhah (the sphere of water bearing clouds i.e. sky), Marichi (the sphere of solar rays or inter-space), Mara (the sphere of mortals), and Ap (the sphere of waters). Ambhah is beyond Dyuloka, above the heaven and heaven is its support, Marichis are the inter-space, Mara is earth and what is underneath is Ap, the nether worlds and underground water.
----------The Aitareya Upanishad: 1: 1: 2
स इमाँल्लोकानसृजत। अम्भो मरीचीर्मरमापोs...दोsम्भ: परेण दिवं द्यौ:प्रतिष्ठान्तरिक्षं मरीचय:। पृथिवी मरो या अधस्तात्ता आप:।।

So, the Aitareya Upanishad enlists FOUR spheres created by Atman [GOD].
According to Geography too, earth has been categorized into FOUR spheres just the categorization is a bit different but mostly identical at the same time.
Lithosphere is earth's crust.
Hydrosphere is earth's water. (rivers, lakes, oceans etc)
Biosphere is where living beings live.
Atmosphere is air and sky.
When we correlate, Ambhah consists of clouds i.e. sky like Atmosphere;
Marichi consists of the solar rays similar to Atmosphere, i.e. air blanket surrounding the earth where the rays of sun fall directly on earth.
Mara consists of living beings identical to the Biosphere.
Ap consists of the nether worlds and underground water identical to the Lithosphere together with a small portion of the Hydrosphere i.e. hard land + underground water.

He [Atman/ Brahman/ God] bethought Himself: "Here now are the worlds. Let Me now create world-guardians ." Right from the waters He drew forth the Cosmic Person [Viraat PURUSHA] [विराट् पुरुष] in the form of a lump and gave Him a shape.
----------The Aitareya Upanishad: 1: 1: 3
स ईक्षतेमे नु लोका लोकपालान्नु सृजा इति ।
सोsद्भय एव पुरुषं समृद्धृत्यामूर्छयत् ।।
...

NOTE:
This Cosmic Person and an ordinary man are not the same thing. Here the Cosmic Person refers to the first manifestation of Unmanifest Brahman i.e. Saguna Brahman. This Cosmic Person is what Krishna shows Arjuna prior to the battle of Mahabharata i.e. the Universal form or Viraat [विराट् रूप].
This Cosmic Person is the totality of everything in universe, every deity, every place and every tangible thing. All the deities and tangible things are a part of Him as manifested by Krishna during the Mahabharata.
The PURUSHA SUKTA of the Rigveda presents an elucidating description about the Purusha. The Yajurveda: 31st chapter also has the same. The Gita and the Upanishads are filled with an elaborate discussion over PURUSHA.

Evolution of different deities from various parts of Virat [Cosmic Being/Person] [विराट् पुरुष].
He [Atman/Brahman] brooded over [through tapas (तपस्) i.e. austerities or by intense thinking in case of Atman] the lump with which He gave a gross shape to His first manifestation, the Cosmic Person (पुरुष).
1. First the mouth was separated out, from mouth, speech and from speech-----FIRE (अग्निदेव) [the deity presiding speech (mouth)]....
2. Then the nostrils were separated out, from them, breath [prana] [प्राण]; from breath-----AIR (वायुदेव) [the deity presiding breath].
3. Then the eyes were separated out; from eyes, sight and from sight-----SUN (सूर्यदेव) [the deity presiding sight (eyes)].
4. Then the ears were separated out; from ears, hearing [shrota] (श्रोत) and from hearing-----the quarters of space or cardinal points (DISHAH) [दिशा] [the deity presiding hearing (ears)].
5. Then the skin was separated out, from the skin, hairs, from hairs, plants, trees and herbs etc and from them-----The deity of Forests.
6. Then the heart was separated out; from heart, the mind (manas) [मनस्] and from the mind-----MOON (चन्द्रदेव) [the deity presiding mind (heart)].
7. Then the navel was separated out; from the navel, APANA, and from APANA-----DEATH (Yama) [यम] [the deity presiding APANA (navel)].
8. Then the generative organ was separated out; from the generative organ, semen and from semen-----WATERS (वरुणदेव) [the deity presiding the generative organ]

----------The AITAREYA Upanishad: 1: 1: 4
NOTE:
The evolution of only a few deities is enlisted here and not all the deities. Only the deities presiding respective organs are enlisted here. The presiding deity (devata) [देवता] or the conscious element is the one which animates the organ. The presiding deity or a Devata is [just] an (one) aspect of the all-pervading Consciousness (Brahman) associated with its respective organ. The presiding deity is the guardian of that particular organ.
The deities presiding different organs and elements evolve from various parts of Virat [the Universal Cosmic Being who is also known as Purusha] (विराट् पुरुष).

The Cosmic Person, PURUSHA, [VIRAT] who is the totality of the world-guardians [deities] [Devatas] [demigods or gods] is non other than BRAHMAN.
As we learnt from the 1st Chapter of the Aitareya Upanishad that in the beginning the planets, galaxies, stars and everything that exist did not exist as separate entities but altogether as one dense mass. At this time Brahman's MAYA [the illusionary power of Brahman] was inactive because of which there was no differentiations of na...mes and forms.

The many things in this universe and the universe itself that we know, with all different names and forms [like water is different from table both in name and form] are all illusion superimposed upon Brahman through Maya.
BRAHMAN Himself has projected Himself as the whole universe by His illusionary power, MAYA. BRAHMAN has manifested Himself as the universe through His power of MAYA.
Similarly, there is no difference between BRAHMAN and PURUSHA. Both are one God and the same. The only difference is that Brahman has projected Himself as PURUSHA through MAYA i.e. Purusha is the effect of Maya whereas Brahman's Ultimate form is beyond Maya. PURUSHA is the manifestation of the unmanifest, formless Brahman superimposed through MAYA.
PURUSHA is the totality, the aggregate of all the Deities [Devatas] [everything in the universe]. Devatas are body parts of Purusha. So, if one worships Purusha one is actually worshiping all the Devatas at the same time. Worshiping Purusha means worshiping Brahman and all the Deities at the same time.
Let us worship Purusha. Let us worship Brahman. Let us worship all the Deities put together leaving no one left out.

Brahman subjected the deities (Devatas) [देवता] to 'Hunger' and 'Thirst'. The deities said to Brahman-----"Find out an abode for us wherein being established we may eat food"
The Deities chose Human Body as their abode and, on the command of Brahman, entered into it:
FIRE became the speech and entered the mouth. AIR became breath and entered the nostrils. The SUN became sight and entered the eyes. The QUARTERS of SPACE (CARDINAL POINTS) became hearing and entered the ears. Lo...rd of Forest (sometimes classified as AIR) became hair and entered the skin. The MOON became the mind and entered the heart. DEATH became the Apana and entered the navel. The waters became the semen and entered the genital organ.

Both the organs and their presiding (controlling) deities entered the body. The text indicates an interrelationship between man and nature, and the various Cosmic Forces which control them.
----------The Aitareya Upanishad: Part 1: Chapter 2

The best way to respect everything and everyone in the universe is by respecting [worshiping] Brahman.
आकाशात् पतितं तोयं यथा गच्छति सागरं ।
सर्व देव नमस्कार केशवं प्रति गच्छति ॥
...

As the rain drops falling from the clouds (sky) ultimately go [merge] in the ocean,
Devotion to any Deity goes to Brahman [Iśvar].
As we have learnt from the 1st Chapter of the Aitareya Upanishad that the Deities are the body parts of Brahman [VIRAT PURUSHA], we may say that devotion to any deity [a portion of Brahman] goes to [a portion of] Brahman Himself. Similarly, devotion to Brahman [complete body, aggregation of all the body parts] automatically goes to all the deities [parts of the body, VIRAT PURUSHA = Brahman].
Let us take a small illustration:
We have different body parts: hands, legs, belly, back etc. Now, if we pour water only on our belly we can say that water touches our body. Similarly, if we pour water on our back, again, we can say that water touches our body. Although water, in this case, touches only a part of our body not the entire body but still it is correct that water touches our body as the part of our body that water touches is not different from our body. The body-part is an integral part of our body itself. So, anything related to the parts of our body is directly related to the entire body.
Similarly, devotion to any Deity, which is a body part of VIRAT PURUSHA [Brahman], verily goes to Brahman [the entire body].
Now, if we pour water on the entire body, automatically water would touch all the parts of the body.
Thus, devotion to Brahman [the entire body] automatically goes to all the deities [the body parts].

Having entered the body, Atman [thus embodied] has three abodes therein.
----------The Aitareya Upanishad: 1: 3: 12
What are the three abodes of Atman as jivātmā [individual soul] in the body of a Jiva?????
...

1. The Right Eye-----Atman dwells in the right eye during the waking state-----Vaiśvānara;
2. The Mind-----Atman dwells in the mind during the dream state-----Taijasa;
3. The Heart-----Atman dwells in the space [ākāśa] in the heart during deep sleep-----Prājnena.
----------The Māndukya Upanishad: 3, 4 and 5
also,
----------The Brihadāranyaka Upanishad: 4: 2: 2-4
In the beginning all this manifested universe was non-existent. From it was born what exists. That [i.e. Brahman described as non-existent] created Itself by Itself; therefore it is called 'Self-Made' [Sukritam] [सुकृतम्]
That which is Self-made is flavour [rasa (रस) or essence]; for truly, on obtaining the flavour one becomes blissful.
----------The Taittiriya Upanishad: 2: 7

The syllable OM, called the UDGITHA, should be meditated upon; for people sing the Udgitha, beginning with OM.
----------The Chandogya Upanishad: 1: 1: 1
The syllable Om is uttered at the beginning and the end of a hymn. The same Om is a symbol and the dearest name of the Supreme Self. The text describes its symbolic nature.
UDGITHA is a hymn of the Samaveda. A part of the ritualistic worship laid down in the Samaveda, this hymn is sung at the time of a sacrifice. Om, again, is a part of the Udgitha hymn.

The essence of all these beings is earth; the essence of earth is water; the essence of water is plants; the essence of plants is a person; the essence of a person is speech; the essence of speech is the Rigveda; the essence of the Rigveda is the Samaveda; the essence of the Samaveda is the UDGITHA [which is OM {AUM} (ॐ)]
----------The Chandogya Upanishad: 1: 1: 2
एषां भूताना पृथिवी रसः पृथिव्या आपो रसः। अपामोषध यो रस ओषधीनां पुरुषो रसः पुरुषस्य वाग्रसो वाच ऋग्रस ऋचः साम रसः ...साम्न उद्गीथो रसः॥

The word, "रस" in the text is explained in different ways-----as essence, origin, support, end cause, and effect. Rasa (रस) originally means the sap of trees. That sap may be conceived either as the essence extracted from the tree, or as what gives vigour and life to a tree. In the former case, it might be transferred to the conception of effect, in the latter to that of cause.
In our sentence it has sometimes the one, sometimes the other meaning.
Earth is the support of all beings; water pervades the earth; plants arise from water; man lives by plants; speech is the best part of man; the Rik (Rigveda) is the best part of speech; the Saman (Samaveda) is the best extract from the Rik and the UDGITHA i.e. OM ॐ is the crown of even the Saman (Samaveda), the highest of all.

"I [God] am OM"-----Shri Krishna [the Gita: 7: 8, 9: 17, 10: 25]
"OM is verily Brahman"-----The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad: 5: 1: 1
"He who meditates on OM with the intention-'I shall attain Brahman' does verily attain Brahman [Liberation] [मोक्ष]"-----The Taittiriya Upanishad: 1: 8: 1
...

NOTE: The eight position in the verse is in relation to the series of 7 essences in verse 2 [previous post]. It means the Ultimate i.e. the Supreme position. In the end of all the essences the Ultimate and the Supreme One we reach in the end is OM i.e. Brahman.
स एष रसानाँ रसतमः परमः परार्ध्योsष्टमो यदुद्गीथः।----------छान्दोग्य उपनिषद्:१: १: ३
By the means of this [syllable] [OM] [ॐ] the threefold knowledge proceeds [the Samaveda, the Rigveda and the Yajurveda]. When the [adhvaryu] priest gives an order [in a sacrifice], he says OM. When the [hotri] priest recites [the hymn], he says OM. When the [udgatri] priest [sings] the Saman, he says OM. All this is done for the glory of the Imperishable Atman [Brahman] by the greatness of That syllable [ॐ] and by Its essence."
----------The Chandogya Upanishad: 1: 1: 9
तेनेयं त्रयी विद्या वर्तत ओमित्याश्रावत्योमिति शॅ सत्योमित्यु़ढ्गायत्येतस्यैवाक्षरस्यापचित्यै महिम्ना रसेन ॥ १: १: ९ ॥
This syllable OM is used to give assent, for wherever one assents to something, one says OM (yes).Now, what is assent is gratification. He who knows this and meditates on the syllable OM, the Udgitha, indeed, obtains all his desires.
---
When a man has mastered the Rigveda he loudly utters "OM" [ॐ]; he does the same when he has mastered the Samaveda and the Yajurveda. The SVARA is the symbol 'ॐ'; it is immortal and fearless. The gods, by entering it [i.e. by meditating upon It], became immortal and fearless.
----------The Chandogya Upanishad: 1: 4: 4
-------The Chandogya Upanishad: 1: 1: 8
One should meditate on the Udgitha [OM] [ॐ] as the VYANA. That which one breathes out is the PRANA and that which one breathes in is the APANA. That which is the junction of the PRANA and the APANA is the VYANA. This VYANA is speech. Therefore, when one utters speech one stops the PRANA and the APANA.
----------The Chandogya Upanishad: 1: 3: 3
Speech is uttered by means of VYANA. People neither breathe in nor breathe out when they speak.
This [Prana] and that [Sun] are the same. This is warm and that is warm. This [Prana] they call, "Svara" [स्वर] (what goes out), and that [sun] they call, "Pratyasvara" [प्रत्यास्वर] (what returns). Therefore one should meditate on Udgitha [OM] as this [Prana] and that [sun].
----------The Chandogya Upanishad: 1: 3: 2
When the vital breath [prana] "goes out" at the time of death, it never returns to the corpse, but the sun, after having set, "returns" the next day.






ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF UPNISHAD