kingdom of Indraprastha

The kingdom of Indraprastha was ruled by Hindus for 124 generations for a period of 4,157 years, 9 months and 14 days between the event of Mahabharata and the beginning of the Muslim era in 1193 AD. Below is the list of Kings that ruled Indraprastha during this period.
This gives a dating for the end of the Mahabharata war as 2,964 BC.
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Lineage of Kings of Indraprastha
30 generations of Raja Yudhisthir ruled Indraprastha for a total of 1770 years, 11 months and 10 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Raja Yudhisthir 36 8 25
2 Raja Parikshit 60 0 0
3 Raja Janmejay 84 7 23
4 Dwateeyram 88 2 8
5 Kshatramal 81 11 27
6 Chitrarath 75 3 18
7 Dushtashailya 75 10 24
8 Raja Ugrasain 78 7 21
9 Raja Shoorsain 78 7 21
10 Bhuwanpati 69 5 5
11 Ranjeet 65 10 4
12 Shrakshak 64 7 4
13 Sukhdev 62 0 24
14 Narharidev 51 10 2
15 Suchirath 42 11 2
16 Shoorsain II 58 10 8
17 Parvatsain 55 8 10
18 Medhawi 52 10 10
19 Soncheer 50 8 21
20 Bheemdev 47 9 20
21 Naraharidev 45 11 23
22 Pooranmal 44 8 7
23 Kardavi 44 10 8
24 Alamamik 50 11 8
25 Udaipal 38 9 0
26 Duwanmal 40 10 26
27 Damaat 32 0 0
28 Bheempal 58 5 8
29 Kshemak 48 11 21
Vishwa, the prime minister of Kshemak, killed Kshemak and took over the kingdom.
Fourteen generations of Vishwa ruled for 500 years, 3 Month and 17 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Vishwa 17 3 29
2 Purseni 42 8 21
3 Veerseni 52 10 7
4 Anangshayi 47 8 23
5 Harijit 35 9 17
6 Paramseni 44 2 23
7 Sukhpatal 30 2 21
8 Kadrut 42 9 24
9 Sajj 32 2 14
10 Amarchud 27 3 16
11 Amipal 22 11 25
12 Dashrath 25 4 12
13 Veersaal 31 8 11
14 Veersaalsen 47 0 14
Veersaalsen was killed by his prime minister Veermaha whose 16 generations ruled for 445 years, 5 months and 3 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Raja Veermaha 35 10 8
2 Ajitsingh 27 7 19
3 Sarvadatta 28 3 10
4 Bhuwanpati 15 4 10
5 Veersen 21 2 13
6 Mahipal 40 8 7
7 Shatrushaal 26 4 3
8 Sanghraj 17 2 10
9 Tejpal 28 11 10
10 Manikchand 37 7 21
11 Kamseni 42 5 10
12 Shatrumardan 8 11 13
13 Jeevanlok 28 9 17
14 Harirao 26 10 29
15 Veersen II 35 2 20
16 Adityaketu 23 11 13
Raja Dandhar of Prayaag killed Adityaketu of Magadh. 9 generations of Dhandhar ruled Indraprastha for 374 years, 11 month and 26 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Raja Dhandhar 23 11 13
2 Maharshi 41 2 29
3 Sanrachhi 50 10 19
4 Mahayudha 30 3 8
5 Durnath 28 5 25
6 Jeevanraj 45 2 5
7 Rudrasen 47 4 28
8 Aarilak 52 10 8
9 Rajpal 36 0 0
Rajpal was killed by Samant Mahanpal who ruled for 14 years. Later Mahanpal was killed by Vikramaditya of Ujjain (called Avantika). Vikrmaditya ruled for 93 years. He was later killed by Samudrapal yogi of Paithan. 16 generations of Samudrapal ruled for 372 years, 4 months and 27 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Samudrapal 54 2 20
2 Chandrapal 36 5 4
3 Sahaypal 11 4 11
4 Devpal 27 1 28
5 Narsighpal 18 0 20
6 Sampal 27 1 17
7 Raghupal 22 3 25
8 Govindpal 27 1 17
9 Amratpal 36 10 13
10 Balipal 12 5 27
11 Mahipal 13 8 4
12 Haripal 14 8 4
13 Seespal 11 10 13
14 Madanpal 17 10 19
15 Karmpal 16 2 2
16 Vikrampal 24 11 13
Raja Vikrampal attacked Malukhchand Bohra in the west. Vikrampal was killed by Malukhchand Bohra (from west) in the war. 16 generations of Malukhchand ruled for 191 years, 1 month and 16 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Malukhchand 54 2 10
2 Vikramchand 12 7 12
3 Manakchand 10 0 5
4 Ramchand 13 11 8
5 Harichand 14 9 24
6 Kalyanchand 10 5 4
7 Bhimchand 16 2 9
8 Lovchand 26 3 22
9 Govindchand 31 7 12
10 Rani Padmavati 1 0 0
Rani Padmavati was the wife of Govindchand. She had no child. So her advisors appointed Hariprem Vairagi for the throne. 4 generations of Harimprem ruled for 50 years, 0 month and 12 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Hariprem 7 5 16
2 Govindprem 20 2 8
3 Gopalprem 15 7 28
4 Mahabahu 6 8 29
Mahabahu took sanyas. Hearing the news of his sanyas, Adhisen of Bengal attacked and took over the kingdom of Indraprastha. His lineage ruled for 151 years, 11 months, 2 days.
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Raja Adhisen 18 5 21
2 Vilavalsen 12 4 2
3 Keshavsen 15 7 12
4 Madhavsen 12 4 2
5 Mayursen 20 11 27
6 Bhimsen 5 10 9
7 Kalyansen 4 8 21
8 Harisen 12 0 25
9 Kshemsen 8 11 15
10 Narayansen 2 2 29
11 Lakshmisen 26 10 0
12 Damodarsen 11 5 19
Damodarsen mistreated his umrao Deepsingh who with the help of army revolted and killed Damodarsen. 6 generations of Deepsingh ruled for 107 years, 6 months and 22 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Deepsingh 17 1 26
2 Rajsingh 14 5 0
3 Ransingh 9 8 11
4 Narsingh 45 0 15
5 Harisingh 13 2 29
6 Jeevansingh 8 0 1
Jeevansingh sent his army to the north for some reason. Hearing this news, Prithviraj Chauhan of Vairat attacked Indraprash and killed Jeevansingh. 5 generations of Prathviraj ruled for 86 years, 0 month and 20 days as follows:
King/Queen Years Month Days
1 Prathviraj 12 2 19
2 Abhayapal 14 5 17
3 Durjanpal 11 4 14
4 Udayapal 11 7 3
5 Yashpal 36 4 27
Sultan Shahbuddin Gauri from Garh Gazni attacked raja Yashpal and imprisoned him in the fort of Prayaag in Vikram Sanvat 1249 (1193 AD).
53 Gauri generations ruled for 745 years, 1 Month and 17 days.
References:
Satyartha Prakash by Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Source of Satyartha Prakash : A fortnightly magazine Harishchandrika and Mohanchandrika published from Srinathdware in Udaipur-Chittoregarh in Rajasthan in Vikram Sanvat 1939. The editor of this magazine translated this information from another Sanskrit book published in Vikram Sanvat 1782 (1726 AD).
Conversion from Vikram Samvat to A.D. by Virendra Verma

The Sound “Om” Looks Like when blown in Egypt pyramids, and near death.

Cymatics is the study of visible sound.  Sound literally has geometry to it.  You can see the visible geometrical vibrations of any given sound by placing sand or coated particles on to a metal plate, and then playing a frequency into the metal plate.  The vibrations of the sound make the particles arrange themselves on the plate, sometimes in beautiful sacred geometric patterns and mandalas.

This video shows what happens when “Om” is chanted inside the Great Pyramid, and then the recording is played back on a tonoscope (the metal plate device) to measure the effects this ancient sacred sound has on visible matter. What you see will amaze you.
Why is it amazing that an elliptical shows up?  Elliptical paths are the routes planets take as they orbit the stars, such as our sun.  The do not revolve around the sun in perfect circles, but in oval-shaped elliptical paths just like you see in video.  This is also the shaped of the orbits the sun and other stars take as they revolved around the galaxy.  In other words, ellipticals appear to be the way in which celestial bodies respond to gravity, the force that holds everything together and makes life possible.
 Here is the video.  The magic begins 1 minute in-


In ancient Hindu traditions, Om is believed to be the divine sound that was present at the beginning of the universe. The sound Om is thought to be what actually created all of existence, which isn’t actually too far fetched when you understand that everything physical in the universe is really a manifestation of vibrational waves.  In fact, Om is what Dr. Eben Alexander claims to have heard resonate throughout the spirit realm during  After life experience of Neurosurgeon , specifically during his close encounter with the Source.
Here’s a thought. What if the reason we see geometric patterns, symmetry, and fibonacci sequences in flowers, snowflakes, and the rest of nature is because they are somehow responding to a sound that is causing them to display perfect mathematical relations in their appearance?  What if we are just dancing vibrational waves in God’s or Om’s symphony?  Interesting to consider.

AFTERLIFE? A Brain Neurosurgeon’s Journey Into the Afterlife .

Do we have a soul? Is there life after death?  In a society where science and empirical testing have taken over as requirements for truth, the idea of there being a life after death is sometimes thought of as wishful thinking.  The afterlife, however, is something that has been experienced by countless people since recorded history who have returned to tell their tales, with the most noteworthy account experienced first-hand by Harvard trained brain neurosurgeon of 25 years, Dr. Eben Alexander.
Before his experience, he did not believe existence of a non-physical spirit. Trained in western medical school and surrounded by medical colleagues who are deeply invested in the materialism view of the universe, he thought that the idea of a soul was outlandish.  Dr. Alexander changed his mind after he was in a coma for seven days caused by severe bacterial meningitis and experienced a vivid journey into the afterlife. He was guided by an beautiful angelic being and shown the Divine Source, which he referred to as “Om”.
He then returned to his physical body, experienced a miraculous healing, and went on to write the NY Times #1 best selling book “Proof of Heaven.” What Dr. Alexander confirms is that our life on planet Earth is a “test” of personal growth, and that the way to make progress in this test is to overcome evil while spreading love and compassion. Here are some other notable points he made:
- The experience of the afterlife was so “real” and expansive that the experience of living as a human on Earth seemed like an artificial dream by comparison.
- The fabric of the afterlife was pure LOVE. Love dominated the afterlife to such a huge degree that the overall presence of evil was infinitesimally small. If you wish to know the Universe, know Love.
- In the afterlife, all communication was telepathic. There was no need for spoken words, nor even any separation between the self and everything else happening around you. All the questions you asked in your mind were immediately answered to you telepathically as well.

When asked what he wants everyone to know about the spiritual realm, he always answers saying that you are precious and infinitely loved more than you can possibly imagine. You are always safe. You are never alone. The unconditional and perfect Love of God neglects not one soul.
“Love is, without a doubt, the basis of everything. Not some abstract, hard-to-fathom kind of love but the day-to-day kind that everyone knows-the kind of love we feel when we look at our spouse and our children, or even our animals. In its purest and most powerful form, this love is not jealous or selfish, but unconditional.
This is the reality of realities, the incomprehensibly glorious truth of truths that lives and breathes at the core of everything that exists or will ever exist, and no remotely accurate understanding of who and what we are can be achieved by anyone who does not know it, and embody it in all of their actions.”
Eben’s neocortex was completely nonfunctional during the time of his coma do to his severe bacterial meningitis, so there is no scientific account for why he experienced this.  The DMT explanation is also not valid here, because with his neocortex being disabled, the molecules would have no anchor point to ground themselves in.   In fact, gives refutations to 9 different possible scientific explanations for his experience in his book.  He is living proof of an afterlife. “Our spirit is not dependent on the brain or body,” he said. “It is eternal, and no one has one sentence worth of hard evidence that it isn’t.”

Women in Sanatan Dharma – Hinduism.

Women in Sanatan Dharma – Hinduism..

All the The ancient scriptures starting from Rig-ved to Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the Manu Smriti all talks about the equivalent place of a women to a man.

☞ “O women! These mantras are given to you equally (as to men). May your thoughts, too, be harmonious. May your assemblies be open to all without discrimination. Your mind and consciousness should be harmonious. I (the rishi) give you these mantras equally as to men and give you all and equal powers to absorb (the full powers) of these mantras.” Rig-veda 10-191-3.

☞ There are more than thirty women sages (Gargi Vachaknavi , Lopamudra, etc.) in RV with specific hymns associated with them. In all the Semitic religions like Christianity, Islam etc., there is no mention of any revelation to women and no woman is listed among the prominent disciples of the founders or prophets of those religions.

Birth of the Goddess:
The feminine forms of the Absolute and the popular Hindu goddesses are believed to have taken shape in the Vedic era. These female forms came to represent different feminine qualities and energies of the Brahman. Goddess Kali portrays the destructive energy, Durga the protective, Lakshmi the nourishing, and Saraswati the creative. Here it’s notable that Hinduism recognizes both the masculine and feminine attributes of the Divine, and that without honoring the feminine aspects, one cannot claim to know God in his entirety. So we also have many male-female divine-duos like Radha-Krishna, Sita-Rama, Uma-Mahesh, and Lakshmi-Narayan, where the female form is usually addressed first.

✮ Education of the Girl Child:
Vedic literature praises the birth of a scholarly daughter in these words: “A girl also should be brought up and educated with great effort and care.” (Mahanirvana Tantra); and “All forms of knowledge are aspects of Thee; and all women throughout the world are Thy forms.” (Devi Mahatmya)

Women were considered to be the embodiment of great virtue and wisdom.
☞ “The sun god follows the first illuminated and enlightened goddess Usha (dawn) in the same manner as men emulate and follow women.” Athravaveda Samhita, Part 2, Kanda 27, sukta 107, sloka 5705.

☞ Katyayana’s Varttika 125, 2477 mentions that there were female teachers of grammar. Patanjali wrote in his comments to Ashtadhyayi 3.3.21 and 4.1.14, that women undergo the thread ceremony before beginning their education, and says that women studied grammar

☞ Women, who so desired, could undergo the sacred thread ceremony or ‘Upanayana’ (a sacrament to pursue Vedic studies), which is only meant for males even to this day. Co-education seems to have existed in this period and both the sexes got equal attention from the teacher. Moreover, ladies from the Kshatriya caste received martial arts courses and arms training.

✮ Women & Marriage
☞ The wife “should address the assembly as a commander.”~ RV 10.85.26

According to Manusmriti there are eight types of marriage, of which four were more prominent. The first was ‘brahma’, where the daughter was given as gift to a good man learned in the Vedas; the second was ‘daiva’ , where the daughter was given as a gift to the presiding priest of a Vedic sacrifice. ‘Arsa’ was the third kind where the groom had to pay to get the lady, and ‘prajapatya’, the fourth kind, where the father gave his daughter to a man who promised monogamy and faithfulness.

☞ In the Vedic age there was both the custom of ‘Kanyavivaha’ where the marriage of a pre-puberty girl was arranged by her parents and ‘praudhavivaha’ where the girls were married off after attaining puberty. Then there was also the custom of ‘Swayamvara’ where girls, usually of royal families, had the freedom to choose her husband from among the eligible bachelors invited to her house for the occasion.

☞ The hymn 10.85 of the Rig-veda states that the daughter-in-law should be treated as a queen, samrajni, by all the family members especially the mother-in-law, husband, father-in-law.

✮ Polygamy:
Thus certain mantras in Vedas describe demerits of Polygamy.
☞ compares existence of multiple wives with multiple worldly miseries. ~Rig Veda 10.105.8
☞A man with two wives is pressed from both sides and weeps like a horse that neighs when pressed from both sides by spokes while driving a chariot. ~ Rig Veda 10.101.11
☞ Two wives make life aimless. ~ Rig Veda 10.101.11
☞ May a woman never face threat of another co-wife. ~ Atharva Veda 3.18.2
☞ “As yearning wives cleave to their yearning husband, so cleave our hymns to thee, O Lord most potent.” ~ Rig Veda 1.62.11

✮ Wifehood in the Vedic Era
As in present, after marriage, the girl became a ‘grihini’ (wife) and was considered ‘ardhangini’ or one half of her husband’s being. Both of them constituted the ‘griha’ or home, and she was considered its ‘samrajni (queen or mistress) and had an equal share in the performance of religious rites.

☞ Rig-veda says the freedom of choosing of husband: A woman can choose her own husband after attaining maturity. If her parents are unable to choose a deserving groom, she can herself choose her husband.” ~ 9.90-91.

☞ The Manusmriti enjoins, “‘Let mutual fidelity continue until death.’ This may be considered the summation of the highest law for husband and wife. ~Manu Smriti IX 101

☞ “O bride! May the knowledge of the Vedas be in front of you and behind you, in your centre and in your ends. May you conduct your life after attaining the knowledge of the Vedas. May you be benevolent, the harbinger of good fortune and health and live in great dignity and indeed be illumined in your husband’s home.”
~ Atharva Veda 14-1-64

✮ Divorce, Remarriage & Widowhood
Divorce and remarriage of women were allowed under very special conditions. If a woman lost her husband, she was not forced to undergo the merciless practices that cropped up in later years. Both the Manusamhita and the Arthashastra state that if a husband is impotent, a traitor, an ascetic or an outcast, or missing for a prescribed number of years, the wife take her property (‘Stridhan’), leave him without blame and marry again. The Arthashastra also declares that in other circumstances, divorce can take place only by mutual consent.Prostitution in the Vedic Age.

☞ In NAsmR 12.45-48, there are three types of punarbhu, or a remarried widow: The virgin widow, the woman who abandons her husband to take up with another man and then returns to her husband, and the woman who has no brothers-in-law who can give her offspring.

✮ Unfortunately today some orthodox persons deny the right of women even from chanting the Veda and Bhagwat Gita. Persons from other religion like Islam and Christens try to defame the moral value of women in Hinduism. However, they cannot cite any authoritative scripture to support their views. Any book in Sanskrit cannot be accepted as a scripture or divine revelation. In the past when the famous poet, Sanskrit scholar and spiritual savant, Vasishta Ganapati Muni, the foremost disciple of Sri Ramana Maharshi, challenged these orthodox persons to provide evidence to support their claims, no evidence was forth coming. Even today they can’t fool people with their propaganda.

GENETIC HISTORY OF INDIA

GEN

ETIC HISTORY OF PEOPLE IN INDIA/BHARAT

~12000 year old history of Swastika originated in India

The symbol of the Swastika and its 12,000-year-old history

The swastika is a symbol used by of one of the most hated men on Earth, a symbol that represents the slaughter of millions of people and one of the most destructive wars on Earth.

But Adolf Hitler was not the first to use this symbol. In fact, it was used as a powerful symbol thousands of years before him, across many cultures and continents. For the Hindus and Buddhists in India and other Asian countries, the swastika was an important symbol for many thousands of years and, to this day, the symbol can still be seen in abundance - on temples, buses, taxis, and on the cover of books. It was also used in Ancient Greece and can be found in the remains of the ancient city of Troy, which existed 4,000 years ago. The ancient Druids and the Celts also used the symbol, reflected in many artefacts that have been discovered. It was used by Nordic tribes and even early Christians used the Swastika as one of their symbols, including the Teutonic Knights, a German medieval military order, which became a purely religious Catholic Order. But why is this symbol so important and why did Adolf Hitler decide to use it? The word ‘swastika’ is a Sanskrit word (‘svasktika’) meaning ‘It is’, ‘Well Being’, ‘Good Existence, and ‘Good Luck’. However, it is also known by different names in different countries - like ‘Wan’ in China, ‘Manji’ in Japan, ‘Fylfot’ in England, ‘Hakenkreuz’ in Germany and ‘Tetraskelion’ or ‘Tetragammadion’ in Greece.

A Sanskrit scholar P. R. Sarkar in 1979 said that the deeper meaning of the word is ‘Permanent Victory’. He also said that as any symbol it can have positive and negative meaning depending on how it is drawn. So in Hinduism, the right-hand swastika is a symbol of the God Vishnu and the Sun, while the left-hand swastika is a symbol of Kali and Magic. The double meaning of symbols is common in ancient traditions, like for example the symbol of the pentagram (five pointed star), which is viewed as negative when pointing downwards, and positive when pointing upwards.

The earliest swastika ever found was uncovered in Mezine, Ukraine, carved on an ivory figurine, which dates an incredible 12,000 years, and one of the earliest cultures that are known to have used the Swastika was a Neolithic culture in Southern Europe, in the area that is now Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, known as the Vinca Culture, which dates back around 8,000 years. In Buddhism, the swastika is a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, abundance and eternity. It is directly related to Buddha and can be found carved on statues on the soles of his feet and on his heart. It is said that it contains Buddha’s mind.

On the walls of the Christian catacombs in Rome, the symbol of the Swastika appears next to the words “ZOTIKO ZOTIKO” which means “Life of Life”. It can also be found on the window openings of the mysterious Lalibela Rock churches of Ethiopia, and in various other churches around the world.

In Nordic Myths, Odin is represented passing through space as a whirling disk or swastika looking down through all worlds. In North America, the swastika was used by the Navajos. In Ancient Greece, Pythagoras used the Swastika under the name ‘Tetraktys’ and it was a symbol linking heaven and earth, with the right arm pointing to heaven and its left arm pointing to Earth. It has been used by the Phoenicians as a symbol of the Sun and it was a sacred symbol used by the priestesses.

The swastika, the Phoenician sun symbol, on the Phoenician Craig-Narget stone in Scotland, and on the robe of a Phoenician high priestess. (Source) How and why did so many diverse countries and cultures, across many eras, use the same symbol and apparently with the same meaning? It is ironic, and unfortunate, that a symbol of life and eternity was used by the Nazis to exterminate, kill, enslave and destroy, creating in the minds of people a negative association with a symbol that was seen as sacred for thousands of years.

Source: AO

10,000 years ago Ancestors of Native Americans In Mexico,en route from Asia

Date:

February 27, 2014

Source:

University of Utah

Summary:

Genetic and environmental evidence indicates that after the ancestors of Native Americans left Asia, they spent 10,000 years on a land bridge that once linked Siberia and Alaska. Archaeological evidence is lacking because it drowned when sea levels rose.

University of Utah anthropologist Dennis O'Rourke and two colleagues make that argument in the Friday, Feb. 28, issue of the journal Science. They seek to reconcile existing genetic and paleoenvironmental evidence for human habitation on the Bering land bridge -- also called Beringia -- with an absence of archaeological evidence.

O'Rourke says cumulative evidence indicates the ancestors of Native Americans lived on the Bering land bridge "in the neighborhood of 10,000 years," from roughly 25,000 years ago until they began moving into the Americas about 15,000 years ago once glacial ice sheets melted and opened migration routes.

O'Rourke co-authored the Science Perspective column -- titled "Out of Beringia?" -- with archaeologist John Hoffecker of the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Scott Elias, a paleoecologist at the University of London. Perspective columns in Science don't feature research by the authors, but instead are meant to highlight and provide context for exciting new research in a field or across fields.

"Nobody disputes that the ancestors of Native American peoples came from Asia over the coast and interior of the land bridge" during an ice age called the "last glacial maximum," which lasted from 28,000 to at least 18,000 years ago, O'Rourke says, The ice sheets extended south into the Pacific Northwest, Wyoming, Wisconsin and Ohio. Large expanses of Siberia and Beringia were cold but lacked glaciers.

The absence of archaeological sites and the inhospitable nature of open, treeless landscape known as tundra steppe mean that "archaeologists have not given much credence to the idea there was a population that lived on the Bering land bridge for thousands of years," he adds.

O'Rourke and colleagues say that in recent years, paleoecologists -- scientists who study ancient environments -- drilled sediment cores from the Bering Sea and Alaskan bogs. Those sediments contain pollen, plant and insect fossils, suggesting the Bering land bridge wasn't just barren, grassy tundra steppe but was dotted by "refugia" or refuges where there were brushy shrubs and even trees such as spruce, birch, willow and alder.

"We're putting it together with the archaeology and genetics that speak to American origins and saying, look, there was an environment with trees and shrubs that was very different than the open, grassy steppe. It was an area where people could have had resources, lived and persisted through the last glacial maximum in Beringia," O'Rourke says. "That may have been critical for the people to subsist because they would have had wood for construction and for fires. Otherwise, they would have had to use bone, which is difficult to burn."

A Frozen, Isolated Dawn for the Earliest Americans

During the last glacial maximum, thick glacial ice sheets extended south into what now is the northern United States, sea levels dropped some 400 feet, O'Rourke says. As the glaciers melted, sea levels began to rise, reaching current levels 6,000 years ago.

During the long glacial period, Siberia and Alaska were linked by the Bering land bridge, which contrary to the name's implication, really was a huge swath of land north, between and south of Siberia and Alaska, at the present sites of the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Strait and the Bering Sea, respectively.

At its largest extent, Beringia measured as much as 1,000 miles from north to south and as much as 3,000 miles from Siberia's Verkoyansk Range east to the Mackenzie River in in Canada.

The theory that humans inhabited the Bering land bridge for some 10,000 years "helps explain how a Native American genome (genetic blueprint) became separate from its Asian ancestor," O'Rourke says.

"At some point, the genetic blueprint that defines Native American populations had to become distinct from that Asian ancestry," he explains. "The only way to do that was for the population to be isolated. Most of us don't believe that isolation took place in Siberia because we don't see a place where a population could be sufficiently isolated. It would always have been in contact with other Asian groups on its periphery."

"But if there were these shrub-tundra refugia in central Beringia, that provided a place where isolation could occur" due to distance from Siberia, O'Rourke says.

Genetic and Paleoenvironmental Evidence

O'Rourke and colleagues point to a study of mitochondrial DNA -- genetic information passed by mothers -- sampled from Native Americans throughout the Americas. The study found that the unique genome or genetic blueprint of Native Americans arose sometime before 25,000 years ago but didn't spread through the Americas until about 15,000 years ago.

"This result indicated that a substantial population existed somewhere, in isolation from the rest of Asia, while its genome differentiated from the parental Asian genome," O'Rourke says. "The researchers suggested Beringia as the location for this isolated population, and suggested it existed there for several thousand years before members of the population migrated southward into the rest of North and, ultimately, South America as retreating glaciers provided routes for southern migration."

"Several other genetic-genomic analyses of Native American populations have resulted in similar conclusions," he adds.

"For a long time, many of us thought the land bridge was a uniform tundra-steppe environment" -- a broad windswept grassland devoid of shrubs and trees, O'Rourke says. But in recent years, sediment cores drilled in the Bering Sea and along the Alaskan coast -- the now-submerged lowlands of Beringia -- found pollens of trees and shrubs.

That "suggests Beringia was not a uniform tundra-steppe environment, but a patchwork of environments, including substantial areas of lowland shrub tundra," O'Rourke says. "These shrub-tundra areas were likely refugia for a population that would be invisible archaeologically, since the former Beringian lowlands are now submerged."

"Large herd animals like bison or mammoths likely lived on the highland steppe tundra because they graze. Many smaller animals, birds, elk and moose (which browse shrubs instead of grazing on grass) would have been in the shrub tundra," he adds.

Other research indicates "that much of Beringia -- particularly the lowlands -- appears to have had average summer temperatures nearly identical (or only slightly cooler in some regions) to those in the region today," O'Rourke says. "The local environments likely were not as daunting as many have assumed for years. They probably hunkered down pretty good in the winter though. It would have been cold."

The idea that rising sea levels covered evidence of human migration to the Americas has long been cited by researchers studying how early Native Americans moved south along the Pacific coast as the glaciers receded and sea levels rose. O'Rourke says the idea hasn't been used before to explain the scarcity of archaeological sites in Alaska and Siberia, which were highlands when the land bridge was exposed.

But O'Rourke and his colleagues say archaeological sites must be found in Beringia if the long human layover there is to be confirmed. Although most such sites are underwater, some evidence of human habitation in shrub tundra might remain above sea level in low-lying portions of Alaska and eastern Chukotka (in Russia)."

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University of Utah. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

READ MORE HERE

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Journal Reference:

1. J. F. Hoffecker, S. A. Elias, D. H. O'Rourke. Out of Beringia? Science, 2014; 343 (6174): 979 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250768

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University of Utah. "10,000 years on the Bering Land Bridge: Ancestors of Native Americans paused en route from Asia." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 February 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140227141854.htm>.

10,000 years ago Ancestors of Native Americans In Mexico,en route from Asia

Date:

February 27, 2014

Source:

University of Utah

Summary:

Genetic and environmental evidence indicates that after the ancestors of Native Americans left Asia, they spent 10,000 years on a land bridge that once linked Siberia and Alaska. Archaeological evidence is lacking because it drowned when sea levels rose.

University of Utah anthropologist Dennis O'Rourke and two colleagues make that argument in the Friday, Feb. 28, issue of the journal Science. They seek to reconcile existing genetic and paleoenvironmental evidence for human habitation on the Bering land bridge -- also called Beringia -- with an absence of archaeological evidence.

O'Rourke says cumulative evidence indicates the ancestors of Native Americans lived on the Bering land bridge "in the neighborhood of 10,000 years," from roughly 25,000 years ago until they began moving into the Americas about 15,000 years ago once glacial ice sheets melted and opened migration routes.

O'Rourke co-authored the Science Perspective column -- titled "Out of Beringia?" -- with archaeologist John Hoffecker of the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Scott Elias, a paleoecologist at the University of London. Perspective columns in Science don't feature research by the authors, but instead are meant to highlight and provide context for exciting new research in a field or across fields.

"Nobody disputes that the ancestors of Native American peoples came from Asia over the coast and interior of the land bridge" during an ice age called the "last glacial maximum," which lasted from 28,000 to at least 18,000 years ago, O'Rourke says, The ice sheets extended south into the Pacific Northwest, Wyoming, Wisconsin and Ohio. Large expanses of Siberia and Beringia were cold but lacked glaciers.

The absence of archaeological sites and the inhospitable nature of open, treeless landscape known as tundra steppe mean that "archaeologists have not given much credence to the idea there was a population that lived on the Bering land bridge for thousands of years," he adds.

O'Rourke and colleagues say that in recent years, paleoecologists -- scientists who study ancient environments -- drilled sediment cores from the Bering Sea and Alaskan bogs. Those sediments contain pollen, plant and insect fossils, suggesting the Bering land bridge wasn't just barren, grassy tundra steppe but was dotted by "refugia" or refuges where there were brushy shrubs and even trees such as spruce, birch, willow and alder.

"We're putting it together with the archaeology and genetics that speak to American origins and saying, look, there was an environment with trees and shrubs that was very different than the open, grassy steppe. It was an area where people could have had resources, lived and persisted through the last glacial maximum in Beringia," O'Rourke says. "That may have been critical for the people to subsist because they would have had wood for construction and for fires. Otherwise, they would have had to use bone, which is difficult to burn."

A Frozen, Isolated Dawn for the Earliest Americans

During the last glacial maximum, thick glacial ice sheets extended south into what now is the northern United States, sea levels dropped some 400 feet, O'Rourke says. As the glaciers melted, sea levels began to rise, reaching current levels 6,000 years ago.

During the long glacial period, Siberia and Alaska were linked by the Bering land bridge, which contrary to the name's implication, really was a huge swath of land north, between and south of Siberia and Alaska, at the present sites of the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Strait and the Bering Sea, respectively.

At its largest extent, Beringia measured as much as 1,000 miles from north to south and as much as 3,000 miles from Siberia's Verkoyansk Range east to the Mackenzie River in in Canada.

The theory that humans inhabited the Bering land bridge for some 10,000 years "helps explain how a Native American genome (genetic blueprint) became separate from its Asian ancestor," O'Rourke says.

"At some point, the genetic blueprint that defines Native American populations had to become distinct from that Asian ancestry," he explains. "The only way to do that was for the population to be isolated. Most of us don't believe that isolation took place in Siberia because we don't see a place where a population could be sufficiently isolated. It would always have been in contact with other Asian groups on its periphery."

"But if there were these shrub-tundra refugia in central Beringia, that provided a place where isolation could occur" due to distance from Siberia, O'Rourke says.

Genetic and Paleoenvironmental Evidence

O'Rourke and colleagues point to a study of mitochondrial DNA -- genetic information passed by mothers -- sampled from Native Americans throughout the Americas. The study found that the unique genome or genetic blueprint of Native Americans arose sometime before 25,000 years ago but didn't spread through the Americas until about 15,000 years ago.

"This result indicated that a substantial population existed somewhere, in isolation from the rest of Asia, while its genome differentiated from the parental Asian genome," O'Rourke says. "The researchers suggested Beringia as the location for this isolated population, and suggested it existed there for several thousand years before members of the population migrated southward into the rest of North and, ultimately, South America as retreating glaciers provided routes for southern migration."

"Several other genetic-genomic analyses of Native American populations have resulted in similar conclusions," he adds.

"For a long time, many of us thought the land bridge was a uniform tundra-steppe environment" -- a broad windswept grassland devoid of shrubs and trees, O'Rourke says. But in recent years, sediment cores drilled in the Bering Sea and along the Alaskan coast -- the now-submerged lowlands of Beringia -- found pollens of trees and shrubs.

That "suggests Beringia was not a uniform tundra-steppe environment, but a patchwork of environments, including substantial areas of lowland shrub tundra," O'Rourke says. "These shrub-tundra areas were likely refugia for a population that would be invisible archaeologically, since the former Beringian lowlands are now submerged."

"Large herd animals like bison or mammoths likely lived on the highland steppe tundra because they graze. Many smaller animals, birds, elk and moose (which browse shrubs instead of grazing on grass) would have been in the shrub tundra," he adds.

Other research indicates "that much of Beringia -- particularly the lowlands -- appears to have had average summer temperatures nearly identical (or only slightly cooler in some regions) to those in the region today," O'Rourke says. "The local environments likely were not as daunting as many have assumed for years. They probably hunkered down pretty good in the winter though. It would have been cold."

The idea that rising sea levels covered evidence of human migration to the Americas has long been cited by researchers studying how early Native Americans moved south along the Pacific coast as the glaciers receded and sea levels rose. O'Rourke says the idea hasn't been used before to explain the scarcity of archaeological sites in Alaska and Siberia, which were highlands when the land bridge was exposed.

But O'Rourke and his colleagues say archaeological sites must be found in Beringia if the long human layover there is to be confirmed. Although most such sites are underwater, some evidence of human habitation in shrub tundra might remain above sea level in low-lying portions of Alaska and eastern Chukotka (in Russia)."

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University of Utah. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. J. F. Hoffecker, S. A. Elias, D. H. O'Rourke. Out of Beringia? Science, 2014; 343 (6174): 979 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250768

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University of Utah. "10,000 years on the Bering Land Bridge: Ancestors of Native Americans paused en route from Asia." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 February 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/02/140227141854.htm>.

INDIAN HISTORY WAS DISTORTED BY BRITISH TO SPREAD CHRISTIANISM AND BRITISH RULE

The Aryan invasion theory was actually part of the British policy of divide and rule, French historian Michel Danino, an expert on ancient Indian history, said on Thursday on the sidelines of the Kolkata Literary Meet.
Danino, who authored books such as The Lost River: On The Trail of Saraswati and Indian Culture and India’s Future, blames the British for distorting Indian history and challenged the Arayan invasion theory, while maintaining that there was no actual Aryan-Dravidian divide.

“No ancient or medieval Indian text would support the Aryan invasion theory. It is genetically proven that Aryans and Dravidians belong to the same race, ”said Danino, who settle in India in 1977 and has since acquired Indian citizenship.

Danino said that early Tamil literature displayed a cultural fusion with north Indian literature. Even the name of the city Maduri was influence from the ancient north Indian heritage city, Mathura, Danino claimed.

“Indians are basically a mixed breed and the mixing started as early as the Stone Age. After the Saraswati river dried up, leading to the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization, people started settling on the banks of the Ganges. This phenomenon that occurred around 2000 BC led to massive mixing up of the populace as a while has to shift its base,” Danino explained.

“The Mahabharata defined ethnic groups as jatis, whereas the British brought in the term tribes to describe the same thing, thus denigrating the homogenous culture of India. Jatis were defined on ecological terms. There is a popular perception that casteism started in India since the Vedas but that is not true. There was no casteism even during the Mahabharata period,” he said.

Danino also rued the fact that Indians are apathetic towards the preservation of their rich culture and heritage. “1170 sites of the ancient Harappan civilization have been identified during its mature phase. But till date only around 100 sites have been excavated. There is a fear that 90% of the sites might disappear due to expansion of urban areas or agricultural land being converted to residential high rises,” Danino said.

He went on to give an example of how the archaeological Survey of India (ASI) could recover only eight kilos of Harappan gold when about 80 kilos of the same was unearthed at Mandi in Uttar Pradesh. Villagers pilfered the rest, depriving India of a useful insight into its rich heritage.

“ASI admitted to a Parliament query that 42 protected sites vanished from Delhi alone. No one noticed as land sharks went to grab the sites and construct high-rises on them,” Danino said.

Historian Sanjeev Sanyal, speaking on the continuity of Indian history claimed that east European and north Indian people share genetic similarities.
LINK TO THIS ARTICLE- hindustantimes
Dnaindia

WHILE WEST IS TAKING HINDUISM CULTURE,INDIAN GOING AWAY FROM IT???"IGNORANCE"

Even After 1947,Indians dont know our Hindu culture & values. Nowadays world accepts Hinduism & India's culture but we Indians dont know our culture, religion, values, shared Hindu ancestry.India culture, Hinduism and Hindu culture same term and inclusive terms [since time immemorial India culture has been inclusive for Non Hindus]

We love those who paint beautiful picture of dirt [appeaser] but hate, exploit those who show mirror [facts], politeness, innocence thinking it as weakness is our mindset

Argentina[Roman Catholic Majority country] Nightclub 'Groove' in Buenos Aires city plays Sanskrit Music dealing with Hindu God,serves Veg Food and non alcholic drink

Indonesia,Muslim majority country are proud of there Hindu ancestry has Lord Ganesh on 20,000 rupiah,Garuda Airlines, Indonesia Embassy gave Saraswati statue to USA if India does it than its communal.

Pakistanis Muslims like Hassan Nisar,Fouzia Saeed,Tarek Fateh,Late Fouzia Waheb accept that there ancestors were Hindus and they are closer to Indian culture not Arab culture on Pakistan News,Programme channels

Hindus believe all Religion leads to Divine but content wise scripture differ is that communal.Islam,Christianity believe there way is only way
If I believe in one God I will be Hindu.If I believe in one Goddess I will be Hindu and if I believe in multiple God/Goddess I will be Hindu and even if I am Athiest/Agnostic I will be Hindu and its one of the rare religion which has no founder.
but if I dont believe in Christ or Muhammad I cant be Christian and Muslim.

Hinduism is a religion,culture,way of life & one of the rare religion,better call DHARMA, to have secular concept in it.Thats why Jews, Parsis,Syrian Christians, Dawoodi Bohra Muslims who were persecuted, mocked, threatened were accepted and blended in our culture married Hindu females.
Moplah Muslims came as trader and they also married Hindu females.Even Athiest and Agnostic were accepted Ex: Charvaka

DNA studies and the above history proved that all India Subcontinent people [South Asia region but we dont want there land bcoz Pakistani & Bangladeshi Muslims based on religion partition a fact could not co exist but wont give an inch of India] irrespective of there religion have Hindu Ancestry
Hindus have distorted,colonized mindset but we need to bring change.

India culture,religion tells us to respect females thats why we call them Devi[Goddess] (Ladies) but to gentlemen we dont call Devta[God]
Namaste means I bow to the God/Goddess in you shows no untouchable.Islamic invaders gave the concept of Pak[Pure] and Najis[Dirty/Untouchable] but Indian subcontinent Muslims,Christians have no association with them as they accepted there religion only

Marriage based on understanding,respect is love or arrange but no forced or cousin marriage[incest] and if done then no honor killing but avoid it as it causes genetic problems.

Sex without Marriage & Marriage without Sex both R pathetic

Hindu caste system is not birth based as it was classification of job [Knowledge,Weapon,Land,Wealth not in one hand to be misused] not based on birth but ability,skills.The present Hindu caste system was followed by Portuguese,Spanish invaders called casta check these facts.But now its an outdated concept as we are jack of all trades thus follower of Hinduism and a Hindu only no caste

Present dowry system is European yes Bombay was used as Dowry by European invaders based. In Hindu it was called streedhan which was property of daughter cannot be used by groom,his family & it was generally used in emergency when she was widow.

Purdah system,Female Infanticide,Jauhar/Sati came when Arab invaders captured our females converted them,enslaved them,raped them & to escape,purdah system started.
British painted Indian caste system as by birth,infact created division so Indian public fight with themself,as it is hapenning now.In fact history is distorted by British authors.Valmiki who composed Ramayana was born in a family who we call Harijan/Dalit/Untouchable/Shudra same with Ambedkar but both are scholars and pundits,Ved Vyas Author of Mahabharat her mother was fisherwoman whom we call lowcaste, Krishna Bhakt Meera Guru was Ravidass who was born or did Cobbler work.Chandragupta Maurya was born in family whom we call Harijan but he became King.

Present Indian Army is Kshatriya. Kalpana Saroj was born in Harijan family but transformed Kamani Tubes from debt to million hence she is entrepreneur,Hugging Mother, Narayana Guru birth in Harijan family but they are Gurus,Scholar so its based on ability,skills not birth.Kalidas of Shankuntala was also born in same type family.

Modi,Mayawati CM of states were Born in Harijan family.Jagjivan Ram Defence Minister and Deputy PM in 70s,KR Narayana President of India 97,Kanshi Ram founded BSP Party,Late Santosh Koli of AAP Party,Cheif Justice of India BalaKrishna were born in Shudra/Harijan family etc

Aryan Dravidian theory/Aryan Invasion Theory is fake.Recent studies on DNA of Indians by CCMB of India,NCBI, Harvard proved that All Indians whether they are so called Upper/Lower Caste, Tribal,SC,Muslims, Christians of India have same genetic lineage.Color of the skin is dueto Melanin in it.We Indians R Indigenous to India and not outsider as per DNA Studies and we are not against Muslims as many are good but against Islamization of India and one sided conversion to Islam and altaqqya[deciet]

For example, if we take a typical person from Punjab, another from Maharashtra, and a third from Tamilnadu we will find that the Maharashtrians generally fall in between the other two in terms of build and skin color. We see a gradual shift of characteristics from north to south, but no real different race. An Aryan and Dravidian race in India is no more real than a north and a south European race. Those who use such terms are misusing language. We would just as well place the blond Swede of Europe in a different race from the darker haired and skinned person of southern Italy.By David Frawley a USA Hindu

Maulana Wahiduddin Khan,Muslim Rashtrya Manch follows RSS ideology accept there Hindu ancestry.

Read Francious Gautier,David Frawley,Maria Wirth,Rajiv Malhotra,S Gurumurthy and there videos also.Check and Spread .
READ MORE HERE AT hindustantimes
ARTICLE BY SHITIJ TYAGI from FB.